May 2024

Recent findings from the Homicide Monitor demonstrate that Latin American and Caribbean cities exhibit persistently high homicide rates compared to other regions.

 

Cities are powerful indicators of the progress of nations. When cities prosper, so do the prospects of countries. When they suffer from fragility, cities can experience deficits in everything from quality of life to investment to tourism. One critical measure of insecurity is lethal violence, including homicide. While hardly the only metric of safety and security, and in some cases not the most influential when it comes to public perception, lethal violence nevertheless provides a useful marker of the health of cities. Tracking changes in homicide can provide insight into progress on other fronts, including public security, governance and development.

 

While there are plenty of indices of liveable cities, there are only a handful that focus on monitoring urban violence. Part of the reason for this is the limited availability of standardized data on violence in cities. Fortunately, one of the world’s largest public repositories of intentional homicide, the Homicide Monitor, takes the pulse of cities with populations of at least 250,000 inhabitants. The latest update provides a sobering reminder of how murders concentrate not just at the national, but also the city-scale. Latin American and Caribbean cities continue to register among the highest levels of homicide in the world – both in terms of absolute numbers and prevalence – though trends there are also changing.

As in previous years, over 40 of the top 50 murderous cities in the world are located in the region. Cities reporting the highest homicide rates per 100,000 are found in Brazil (13), Mexico (11) and South Africa (6), the United States (7), Ecuador (5), Colombia (3), followed by Venezuela, Guatemala, Jamaica, Haiti, and Lesotho with one apiece (see Figure 1). Notwithstanding the continued clustering of Latin American and Caribbean cities at the top of the list, new cities have emerged while others have dropped off. These shifts in ranking are a result of organized crime dynamics and the outcomes of national and local public security interventions across the region.

At the top of the 2023 list is a surprising new entrant, Durán, an Ecuadorian city of roughly 305,000 people. Registering a homicide rate of 142.7 per 100,000, Duran has borne the brunt of the country’s rapidly escalating drug war involving rival Colombian, Mexican, and Albanian crime organizations. In fact, five Ecuadorian cities – Duran, Manta, Guayaquil, Machala and Portoviejo – are included in the top 10. Coming in second is the South African city of Nelson Mandela Bay, home to roughly 1.3 million residents in South Africa. Rounding out the top 20 are large and medium-sized cities located in Brazil, Colombia, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico and South Africa, many of which come as little surprise.

 

Figure 1. Top 20 most homicidal cities: 2020-2023 (homicide per 100,000)

Rank	City	Country	Rate per 100,000	Number	Population
1	Durán	Ecuador	148.00	453	306,045
2	Nelson Mandela Bay	South Africa	102.82	1247	1,212,836
3	Manta	Ecuador	95.60	261	273,050
4	Camaçari	Brazil	90.93	272	299,132
5	Cajeme	Mexico	88.99	432	485,453
6	Tijuana	Mexico	87.88	1638	1,863,973
7	Guayaquil	Ecuador	83.80	2319	2,765,695
8	Machala	Ecuador	77.50	239	308,461
9	eThekwini – Durban	South Africa	76.89	3138	4,080,930
10	Portoviejo	Ecuador	76.00	247	325,193
11	Feira de Santana	Brazil	74.65	459	614,872
12	Kingston	Jamaica	70.73*	475	671,596
13	Celaya	Mexico	68.07	370	543,570
14	Macapá	Brazil	67.75	341	503,327
15	Port-au-Prince	Haiti	67.20**	827	1,231,788
16	Cape Town	South Africa	66.80	3231	4,837,094
17	uMgungundlovu (Msunduzi)	South Africa	66.25	758	1,144,103
18	Ciudad Juárez	Mexico	66.20	986	1,489,507
19	Buffalo City	South Africa	65.59	521	794,389
20	Caucaia	Brazil	65.58	237	361,400

*Only 2022 data available. ** Port-au-Prince estimate is based on a review of absolute reported homicides and census data at the national and departmental level

The explosion of lethal violence in Ecuadorian cities in 2023 is a tragedy foretold. In 2023, Durán had a homicide rate akin to other cities that graced the top spot including San Salvador in 2016 (174 per 100,000). Four other Ecuadorian cities also registered homicide rates exceeding 70 per 100,000 in 2023. Indeed, in 2022, three Ecuadorian cities had already crept into the top 50 most homicidal cities: Guayaquil (22 out of 50), Santo Domingo (33 out of 50), and Machala (36 out of 50). This is in stark contrast to the 2017-2021 period, however, when Brazilian, Colombia, Mexican, Venezuela and South African cities dominated the list. Conspicuously absent in 2023, however, are large Central American cities from El Salvador and Honduras that have featured prominently over the past decade.

The rising number of violent cities from South Africa, the United States, and Caribbean countries is also cause for concern. Alongside Nelson Mandela Bay with a homicide rate of 102 per 100,000 is eThekwini/Durban with a homicide rate 76.9 per 100,000 and four other cities – Cape Town, uMgungundlovu (Msunduzi), Buffalo City, and Johannesburg. Although homicides have decreased in several US cities in 2023, 7 still rank among the top 50 in the world: New Orleans, St. Louis, Baltimore, Cleveland, Detroit, Washington D.C., and Memphis (with the highest US murder rate in 2023). Meanwhile, Kingston (78 per 100,000) has figured among the upper echelons of the list over the past five years. Port-au-Prince, the capital of Haiti, joined the top 50 rankings for the first time, with a projected homicide rate of roughly 67 per 100,000 in 2023, three times the estimated rate in 2021.

 

To be sure, heavily populated countries stand a greater chance of having more cities included in the top 50 than smaller countries (see Figure 3). That said, the concentration of cities with high homicide rates from a relatively small number of nations is noteworthy. Consider Brazil, which has 13 cities included in the top 50 in 2023 compared to 29 cities in 2015. Likewise, Mexico features 11 cities in the top 50 in 2023 as opposed to just 3 in 2015. Ditto with South Africa (6) and the United States (7) which are featured in the top 50 in 2023 in contrast to just 1 and 2 respectively in 2015. Notably, cities from other countries with sizable populations – India, China, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Russia, Ethiopia, and Japan – did not make the list.

Figure 3. Countries featuring cities in the top 50 most homicidal (2015-2023)

Country	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019	2018	2017	2016	2015
Bahamas	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
Brazil	13	13	9	15	14	20	22	22	30
Colombia	3	2	4	2	2	2	2	2	3
Ecuador	5	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
El Salvador	0	0	1	1	1	1	3	3	3
Guatemala	1	1	1	0	2	2	2	2	3
Haiti	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Honduras	0	1	2	2	2	1	1	3	3
Jamaica	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0
Lesotho	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0
Mexico	11	12	13	10	10	9	7	4	3
Puerto Rico	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
South Africa	6	5	5	4	5	2	1	2	1
United States	7	6	7	6	3	2	2	1	2
Venezuela	1	4	6	8	9	10	9	11	1

As noted in Figure 3, Latin America’s largest country, Brazil, featured the largest number of cities in the top 50 in 2023, albeit half the number almost a decade ago.1 Among the 13 Brazilian cities were 5 in the top 30. These include cities such as Camacari, Feira de Santana, and Salvador in the state of Bahia; Macapá in the Amazonian state of Amapá; and Caucaia in Ceará. While overall levels of homicide have decreased in Brazil in recent years, it is sharpening in parts of the Amazon and the northeast. Concerns with the “interioralization” of homicide have likewise grown, particularly among the nine states that make up the Legal Amazon which have murder rates that far exceed the national average.

Several cities in Latin America’s second largest country, Mexico, have consistently ranked among the top 10 since 2020 (see Figure 3). Cities such as Cajeme (Sonora), Tijuana (Baja California), and Celaya (Guanajuato) stand out. Indeed, Cajeme was the world’s most violent city in 2022-21, while Tijuana ranked first in 2018 and 2019, and second between 2020 to 2022. Other Mexican cities that made appearances have since dropped out the top 10 in recent years, including Ciudad Juárez (which had the highest rate in 2009), Salamanca (top 1 in 2020), Uruapan, Los Cabos, and Acapulco. Prior to 2017, Acapulco was the only Mexican city that entered the top 10 ranking.

Meanwhile, Colombia has registered between 2 and 4 cities in the top 50 since 2017 (see Figure 3). Yet Colombia has experienced unprecedented declines in homicidal violence over the past decade. Cities such as Medellín (Antioquia) and Cali (Valle del Cauca) were considered to be among the most violent in the world in the 1990s and 2000s. Yet most cities have dropped off the list with the exception of Cali that clings on stubbornly at 43 of 50 in 2023. Other intermediate cities entering the ranking last year are Sincelejo (top 29 in 2023 and the highest in Colombia) and Buenaventura (45 of 50). The presence of cities located in the Colombian Pacific stand out, including Tumaco, which ranked 6th in the world in 2022, and Buenaventura, which ranked 16th in 2021.

Arguably the biggest surprise in 2023 is the absence of several Central American cities from the the top 50 ranking (see Figure 3, Figure 4, and Figure 5). Cities such as San Salvador, San Miguel, and Soyapango in El Salvador were among the most homicidal cities in recent years. However, in the wake of controversial tough-on-crime crackdowns on violent gangs in El Salvador, lethal violence reportedly dropped by over 70 percent in 2023 alone. Meanwhile, the Honduran city of San Pedro Sula ranked as the most violent city in the world in 2014 with a homicide rate of 142 per 100,000. By 2023, the city had fallen outside the top 100 and registered a homicide rate of 25.8 per 100,000. Other cities such as the capital, Tegucigalpa, and Choloma also slipped off the top 50. By contrast, Guatemala City has experienced a recent increase in violent crime and reported a homicide rate of 47.8 per 100,000 in 2023.

Figure 4. Ranking of most violent cities between 2017 and 2023 (homicides per 100,000)

Country name	City name	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019	2018	2017
Ecuador	Durán	1	50	124	189	301	301	437
South Africa	Nelson Mandela Bay	2	4	10	13	24	38	50
Ecuador	Manta	3	76	192	254	394	309	339
Brazil	Camaçari	4	5	5	11	11	18	8
Mexico	Cajeme	5	1	1	6	13	51	63
Mexico	Tijuana	6	2	2	2	1	1	9
Ecuador	Guayaquil	7	22	84	239	279	368	361
Ecuador	Machala	8	36	146	217	261	381	311
South Africa	eThekwini – Durban	9	11	36	32	41	59	78
Ecuador	Portoviejo	10	102	306	442	338	434	353
Brazil	Feira de Santana	11	13	12	12	19	17	32
Jamaica	Kingston and St. Andrew	12	8	3	10	8	22	23
Mexico	Celaya	13	3	7	5	68	91	177
Brazil	Macapá	14	39	15	39	20	35	61
Haiti	Port-au-Prince	15	90	138	592	657	125	134
South Africa	Cape Town	16	14	13	14	14	23	45
South Africa	uMgungundlovu	17	10	25	31	40	71	86
Mexico	Ciudad Juárez	18	16	4	4	5	15	76
South Africa	Buffalo City	19	21	48	53	44	73	72
Brazil	Caucaia	20	27	6	3	2	3	5

Another country with surprising reduction in highly violent cities is Venezuela (see Figure 3 and Figure 4). Only Caracas was included in the top 50 most homicidal cities in 2023, a sharp contrast from 2021 when 11 Venezuelan cities were featured in the list.

Local researchers associated with the Observatory of Violence in Venezuela attribute the apparent reduction in violent deaths to the limited opportunities for crime as well as an increase in the number of deaths “under investigation”. Even so, sudden and dramatic reductions in homicide – as noted in places like El Salvador, Honduras, and Venezuela – should be approached with caution. It is likely there are either changes in reporting methodologies or even regime changes which can result in the public availability and credibility of official sources.

Although the Homicide Monitor sheds light on city-scale trends, it suffers from several limitations, notably excluding cities with populations under 250,000. This exclusion results in the omission of small yet violent cities in Central America and the Caribbean. Importantly, there are many cities below the top 50 threshold and potentially below the population threshold that have experienced sharp increases in homicide rates. These cities are akin to ‘canaries in the mine,’ providing early warning signs of underlying shifts in the structure of organized crime. Examples include San José in Costa Rica which experienced a sharp increase in homicide from 15.1 per 100,000 in 2022 to 23 per 100,000 by 2023. Other cities registering increases are located in northern Chile and Rosario in Argentina. Likewise, a host of cities in Caribbean countries such as the Bahamas, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago all experienced sharp increases in recent years.

Another factor that frustrates comparative analysis of homicide in cities is that many countries in Africa and Asia simply do not generate or make available disaggregated city-level information. Even when requested by UNODC, national authorities are unable or unwilling to supply information on lethal and nonlethal violence at the subnational level. Data availability and quality is likewise uneven in both regions. For example, large

African cities with millions of inhabitants such as Kinshasa (DRC), Lagos (Nigeria), Cairo and Giza (Egypt), Luanda (Angola), Dar es Salaam (Tanzania), Khartoum (Sudan), and Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire) simply lack basic official information or fail to report statistics on murder publicly. While it is unlikely that many cities in these regions register homicide rates exceeding the top 50 listed in 2023 (especially considering their comparatively low officially reported national homicide rates), the reality is that greater transparency and investment in data collection is needed.

It is also the case that countries and cities beset by wars and conflict often lack robust data collection on homicide. In Afghanistan, Myanmar, the Occupied Palestinian Territories, Sudan, Syria, and Ukraine, information on lethal violence is often gathered piecemeal from hospitals, humanitarian organizations, and media outlets. Another example is Haiti, which has been affected by an unprecedented crisis since 2021. The country experienced at least 4,789 homicides in 2023, more than double that of 2022. Using historical and disaggregated data, we estimate that the city’s homicide rate was roughly 67 per 100,000. Yet it is likely that even this rate underestimates the extent of homicidal violence, not least since there are extremely limited capacities in Haiti to even register fatalities. Ultimately, there are other data collection systems available to count conflict deaths, including from ACLED, Action on Armed Violence, and Uppsala University, each with differing methodologies and sources.

A focus on lethal violence in cities demonstrates homicide clusters in space. Indeed, an even more granular analysis would reveal the hyper-concentration of homicide at the neighborhood and even street corner scale. The focus on temporal changes in lethal violence also provides a potent reminder that it is not static and that city residents have agency. While a reflection on the top 50 most homicidal cities can help draw attention to the public security challenges confronting cities, it is important to recall that all urban centers face multiple forms of insecurity that warrant engagement and investment.

Annex 1. Top 50 most homicidal cities (2017-2023)

Rank 2023	Country name	City	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
1	Ecuador	Durán	3.8	9.0	9.1	15.5	23.3	39.8	148.0
2	South Africa	Nelson Mandela Bay	54.6	54.1	61.9	68.3	71.3	80.0	102.8
3	Ecuador	Manta	7.8	8.5	5.0	11.4	16.0	33.2	95.6
4	Brazil	Camaçari	95.0	67.8	72.5	75.3	82.1	79.0	90.9
5	Mexico	Cajeme	49.9	50.6	70.5	92.8	125.6	104.4	89.0
6	Mexico	Tijuana	94.7	129.4	113.4	101.9	97.0	98.9	87.9
7	Ecuador	Guayaquil	6.9	6.3	10.0	12.1	31.4	52.6	83.8
8	Ecuador	Machala	8.9	5.7	10.8	14.5	22.5	42.8	77.5
9	South Africa	eThekwini – Durban	44.1	46.2	47.0	50.4	46.5	69.7	76.9
10	Ecuador	Portoviejo	7.3	3.8	7.2	3.7	8.3	29.7	76.0
11	Brazil	Feira de Santana	65.7	68.9	64.7	70.5	66.3	66.9	74.6
12	Jamaica	Kingston and St. Andrew	70.3	66.3	77.9	78.0	87.3	70.7	n.a
13	Mexico	Celaya	18.6	36.1	38.0	92.9	76.0	83.4	68.1
14	Brazil	Macapá	50.3	55.3	64.6	47.8	63.6	41.4	67.7
15	Haiti	Port-au-Prince	n.a	26.7	n.a	n.a	22.7	n.a	n.a
16	South Africa	Cape Town	58.1	65.4	69.9	67.1	65.7	66.5	66.8
17	South Africa	uMgungundlovu	41.4	42.4	47.1	50.4	52.9	69.8	66.3
18	Mexico	Ciudad Juárez	44.7	69.4	88.0	97.4	82.7	58.7	66.2
19	South Africa	Buffalo City	46.3	42.1	46.1	42.3	41.8	54.2	65.6
20	Brazil	Caucaia	98.0	101.9	101.9	99.4	78.1	49.6	65.6
21	United States of America	Memphis	27.7	28.8	29.2	44.4	47.1	45.9	63.9
22	Mexico	Salamanca	28.7	97.9	101.8	107.4	51.7	58.0	63.1
23	Mexico	Uruapan	29.0	43.3	68.8	59.2	73.0	70.3	56.1
24	Mexico	Acapulco de Juarez	100.3	100.5	70.8	42.6	52.4	51.6	52.9
25	United States of America	New Orleans	39.5	37.1	30.7	51.0	53.3	71.0	52.2
26	Brazil	Salvador	51.6	43.4	37.6	47.8	55.5	54.8	52.1
27	Lesotho	Maseru	n.a	n.a	n.a	56.8	53.3	51.8	n.a
28	Brazil	Petrolina	38.2	41.9	27.2	37.5	34.5	39.3	51.0
29	Colombia	Sincelejo	16.9	14.4	15.7	13.9	25.5	27.6	50.3
30	United States of America	St. Louis	66.1	60.9	64.6	88.1	64.0	68.0	50.3
31	Mexico	Cuernavaca	20.2	26.2	42.4	34.5	43.0	42.4	50.0
32	Venezuela	Caracas	73.4	55.2	74.7	65.2	72.5	61.1	47.9
33	Guatemala	Guatemala	64.3	51.6	55.0	31.8	43.1	50.9	47.8
34	Mexico	Chilpancingo	94.2	89.5	50.7	31.7	23.1	32.0	47.4
35	Brazil	Imperatriz	45.2	49.6	43.7	44.3	41.2	37.5	47.2
36	United States of America	Baltimore	55.8	51.0	58.3	51.5	54.0	58.0	46.0
37	United States of America	Cleveland	27.8	22.4	24.1	42.2	43.5	45.7	45.7
38	Mexico	León	20.6	21.3	27.4	37.7	41.8	36.1	45.2
39	Brazil	Olinda	42.0	40.8	38.0	33.8	33.3	34.6	44.8
40	Brazil	Marabá	76.2	73.8	51.9	33.9	39.6	47.2	44.4
41	Brazil	Jaboatão dos Guararapes	58.6	45.9	42.6	46.8	39.5	40.7	43.9
42	Brazil	Manaus	49.4	47.2	46.0	35.9	53.6	46.8	43.8
43	Colombia	Cali	56.0	51.7	49.7	47.7	54.0	43.1	43.7
44	Brazil	Palmas	22.7	26.0	30.8	33.6	24.6	31.7	42.8
45	Colombia	Buenaventura	22.3	29.5	36.4	35.6	61.6	34.8	42.8
46	South Africa	Johannesburgo	29.2	30.7	31.7	32.1	27.4	35.8	42.7
47	Brazil	Maceió	64.4	51.7	34.1	30.2	32.0	37.3	41.8
48	United States of America	Detroit	39.5	39.2	41.5	49.7	45.0	50.0	40.6
49	Mexico	Juarez	10.3	18.2	25.1	25.4	19.9	29.9	39.8
50	United States of America	Washington DC	16.7	22.7	23.4	27.8	31.8	28.4	39.1

 

 

 

Annex 2. Sources of data for the top 50 most homicidal cities 2023

Rank	Country	City	Rate per 100,000	Number	Population	Source
1	Ecuador	Durán	148.00	453	306,045	Ministerio del Interior/DINASED
2	South Africa	Nelson Mandela Bay	102.82	1247	1,212,836	South African Police Service
3	Ecuador	Manta	95.60	261	273,050	Ministerio del Interior/DINASED
4	Brazil	Camaçari	90.93	272	299,132	Compiled from Secretaries of Security
5	Mexico	Cajeme	88.99	432	485,453	SESNSP -Secretariado del Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública
6	Mexico	Tijuana	87.88	1638	1,863,973	SESNSP -Secretariado del Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública
7	Ecuador	Guayaquil	83.80	2319	2,765,695	Ministerio del Interior/DINASED
8	Ecuador	Machala	77.50	239	308,461	Ministerio del Interior/DINASED
9	South Africa	eThekwini – Durban	76.89	3138	4,080,930	South African Police Service
10	Ecuador	Portoviejo	76.00	247	325,193	Ministerio del Interior/DINASED
11	Brazil	Feira de Santana	74.65	459	614,872	Compiled from Secretaries of Security
12	Jamaica	Kingston and St. Andrew	70.73	475	671,596	Jamaica Constabulary Police Force (2022)
13	Mexico	Celaya	68.07	370	543,570	SESNSP -Secretariado del Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública
14	Brazil	Macapá	67.75	341	503,327	Compiled from Secretaries of Security
15	Haiti	Port-au-Prince	67.20	827	1,231,788	Projections based on departmental data
16	South Africa	Cape Town	66.80	3231	4,837,094	South African Police Service
17	South Africa	uMgungundlovu	66.25	758	1,144,103	South African Police Service
18	Mexico	Ciudad Juárez	66.20	986	1,489,507	SESNSP -Secretariado del Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública
19	South Africa	Buffalo City	65.59	521	794,389	South African Police Service
20	Brazil	Caucaia	65.58	237	361,400	Compiled from Secretaries of Security
21	United States of America	Memphis	63.90	397	621,056	Police office
22	Mexico	Salamanca	63.12	190	300,994	SESNSP -Secretariado del Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública
23	Mexico	Uruapan	56.06	203	362,116	SESNSP -Secretariado del Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública
24	Mexico	Acapulco de Juarez	52.91	449	848,647	SESNSP -Secretariado del Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública
25	United States of America	New Orleans	52.20	193	369,749	Police office
26	Brazil	Salvador	52.08	1496	2,872,347	Compiled from Secretaries of Security
27	Lesotho	Maseru	51.79	181	350,000	Lesotho Bureau of Statistics (data 2022)
28	Brazil	Petrolina	50.98	178	349,145	Compiled from Secretaries of Security
29	Colombia	Sincelejo	50.32	153	304,026	Policía Nacional
30	United States of America	St. Louis	50.25	518	314,428	Police office
31	Mexico	Cuernavaca	50.02	205	409,831	SESNSP -Secretariado del Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública
32	Venezuela	Caracas	47.91	1284	2,680,297	Observatorio Venezolano de la Violencia
33	Guatemala	Guatemala	47.80	584	1,221,739	Policía Nacional Civil
34	Mexico	Chilpancingo De Los Bravo	47.40	137	289,043	SESNSP -Secretariado del Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública
35	Brazil	Imperatriz	47.16	122	258,682	Compiled from Secretaries of Security
36	United States of America	Baltimore	46.00	262	569,931	Police office
37	United States of America	Cleveland	45.70	168	367,615	Police office
38	Mexico	León	45.15	777	1,720,754	SESNSP -Secretariado del Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública
39	Brazil	Olinda	44.84	176	392,482	Compiled from Secretaries of Security
40	Brazil	Marabá	44.39	124	279,349	Compiled from Secretaries of Security
41	Brazil	Jaboatão dos Guararapes	43.86	308	702,298	Compiled from Secretaries of Security
42	Brazil	Manaus	43.84	957	2,182,763	Compiled from Secretaries of Security
43	Colombia	Cali	43.75	1005	2,297,230	Policía Nacional
44	Brazil	Palmas	42.79	128	299,127	Compiled from Secretaries of Security
45	Colombia	Buenaventura	42.77	136	318,003	Policía Nacional
46	South Africa	Johannesburg	42.66	2656	6,225,275	South African Police Service
47	Brazil	Maceió	41.81	426	1,018,948	Compiled from Secretaries of Security
48	United States of America	Detroit	40.60	252	620,376	Police office
49	Mexico	Juarez	39.83	168	421,798	SESNSP -Secretariado del Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública
50	United States of America	Washington DC	39.05	274	701,665	Police office